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}} | transcription_name = ''Nippon-koku no Kokkai'' | legislature = The 189th Ordinary Session | coa_pic = Go-shichi no kiri crest 2.svg | coa_res = 270px | house_type = Bicameral | houses = House of Councillors House of Representatives | leader1_type = Speaker of the Representatives | leader1 = Tadamori Oshima | party1 = LDP | election1 = April 21, 2015 | leader2_type = Speaker of the Councillors | leader2 = Masaaki Yamazaki | party2 = LDP | election2 = August 2, 2013 | members = 722 242 (House of Councillors) 480 (House of Representatives) | house1 = House of Councillors | house2 = House of Representatives | structure1 = House of Councillors Japan 2013.svg | structure1_res = 270px | structure2 = House of Representatives Japan 2014.svg | structure2_res = 270px | political_groups1 = Government (134): Oppositions (108): | political_groups2 = Government (325): Oppositions (155): | committees1 = | committees2 = | joint_committees = | voting_system1 = | voting_system2 = | last_election1 = 21 July 2013 (23rd) | last_election2 = 14 December 2014 (47th) | session_room = Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg | session_res = 270px | meeting_place = National Diet Building, Nagatachō, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo | website = (House of Councillors – official website ) (House of Representatives – official website ) | footnotes = }} The is Japan's bicameral legislature. It is composed of a lower house called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the House of Councillors. Both houses of the Diet are directly elected under parallel voting systems. In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for selecting the Prime Minister. The Diet was first convened as the Imperial Diet in 1889 as a result of adopting the Meiji Constitution. The Diet took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the postwar constitution and is considered by the Constitution to be the highest organ of state power. The National Diet Building is located in Nagatachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo. ==Composition== The houses of the Diet are both elected under parallel voting systems. This means that the seats to be filled in any given election are divided into two groups, each elected by a different method; the main difference between the houses is in the sizes of the two groups and how they are elected. Voters are also asked to cast two votes: one for an individual candidate in a constituency, and one for a party list. Any national of Japan at least twenty(20) years of age may vote in these elections,〔Japan Guide (Coming of Age (seijin no hi) ) Retrieved June 8, 2007.〕 which will be changed to 18 in 2016.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/17/national/politics-diplomacy/diet-enacts-law-lowering-voting-age-18-20/ )〕 Japan's parallel voting system is not to be confused with the Additional Member System used in many other nations. * House of Representatives: Of 480 members, 300 are elected from single seat constituencies under the Single Member Plurality ("First-past-the-post") system, and 180 are elected from eleven separate electoral blocs under the party list system of proportional representation (PR). * House of Councillors: Of 242 members, 146 are elected from 47 prefectural constituencies by means of the Single Non-Transferable Vote. The remaining 96 are elected by open list PR from a single national list. The Constitution of Japan does not specify the number of members of each house of the Diet, the voting system, or the necessary qualifications of those who may vote or be returned in parliamentary elections, thus allowing all of these things to be determined by law. However it does guarantee universal adult suffrage and a secret ballot. It also insists that the electoral law must not discriminate in terms of "race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income".〔 Generally, the election of Diet members is controlled by statutes passed by the Diet. This is a source of contention concerning re-apportionment of prefectures' seats in response to changes of population distribution. For example, the Liberal Democratic Party had controlled Japan for most of its postwar history, and it gained much of its support from rural areas. During the postwar era, large numbers of people were relocating to the urban centers in the seeking of wealth; though some re-apportionments have been made to the number of each prefecture's assigned seats in the Diet, rural areas generally have more representation than do urban areas.〔U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies (Japan – Electoral System ). Retrieved June 8, 2007.〕 The Supreme Court of Japan began exercising judicial review of apportionment laws following the ''Kurokawa'' decision of 1976, invalidating an election in which one district in Hyōgo Prefecture received five times the representation of another district in Osaka Prefecture. The Supreme Court has since indicated that the highest electoral imbalance permissible under Japanese law is 3:1, and that any greater imbalance between any two districts is a violation of Article 14 of the Constitution.〔Goodman, Carl. (Japan's changing view toward civil litigation ). Published Summer of 2001. Retrieved June 8, 2007.〕 In recent elections the malapportionement ratio amounted to 4.8 in the House of Councillors (census 2005: Ōsaka/Tottori;〔National Diet Library Issue Brief, March 11, 2008: (参議院の一票の格差・定数是正問題 ) Retrieved December 17, 2009.〕 election 2007: Kanagawa/Tottori〔nikkei.net, September 29, 2009: (１票の格差、大法廷30日判決 07年参院選4.86倍 ) Retrieved December 17, 2009.〕) and 2.3 in the House of Representatives (election 2009: Chiba 4/Kōchi 3).〔Asahi Shimbun, August 18, 2009: (有権者９８万人増 「一票の格差」２．３倍に拡大 ) Retrieved December 17, 2002.〕 Candidates for the lower house must be 25 years old or older and 30 years or older for the upper house. All candidates must be Japanese nationals. Under Article 49 of Japan's Constitution, Diet members are paid about ¥1.3 million a month in salary. Each lawmaker is entitled to employ three secretaries with taxpayer funds, free train tickets, and four round-trip airplane tickets a month to enable them to travel back and forth to their home districts.〔Fukue, Natsuko, "(The basics of being a lawmaker at the Diet )", ''Japan Times'', January 4, 2011, p. 3.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Diet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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